Probably you’ve never studied Conversational Viking, let alone claimed to speak it.
However, the language of the Vikings, Old Norse, has influenced the development of English more than any other language besides French and Latin. In olden times the Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders and Danes all spoke Old Norse, usually called the “Danish tongue.”
In the 11th century, Old Norse was the most widely spoken European language, ranging west with Leif Erickson’s colonization of Vinland in modern-day Canada, east with the Viking settlers on the Volga River in modern-day Russia and south with warriors battling in modern-day Spain, Italy and North Africa.
Four centuries after the Anglo-Saxons began emigrating from northern Europe, Danish Vikings began raiding Britain . They had begun settling down and plowing the land by the year 876. The 14 shires dominated by Danish law in northern and eastern England were called the Danelaw. In 1016, King Canute the Great became ruler of all England, even before he became king of his native Denmark.
Danish kings ruled England almost until William the Conqueror sailed from Normandy, France and became the first Norman king of England in 1066. When he did, more Norse words entered English. What did William the Conqueror have to do with the Vikings? Normandy means “land of the north men,” colonized by people such as William’s ancestor Rollo, whose real name was Hrólfr. See a pattern?
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Today Old Norse words are most common in the Yorkshire dialect, but the Danelaw included the East Midlands, York, Essex, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk, Northampton, Huntingdon, Bedford, Hertford, Middlesex and Buckingham.
Old Norse words used in modern English
When it comes to English words for which we are indebted to Old Norse, let’s start with “they,” “their” and “them.” If not for the Vikings, we might still be using the Old English words “hîe,” “heora” and “him” instead. Or maybe not— when “him” and “them” mean the same thing in a language, you know it’s time for a change.
In fact, English received many common words from Old Norse, such as “give,” “take,” “get” and “both,” “sale,” “cake,” “egg,” “husband,” “fellow,” “sister,” “root,” “rag,” “loose,” “raise,” “rugged,” “odd,” “plough,” “freckle,” “call,” “flat,” “hale,” “ugly,” and “lake.”
Another Old English word that was quickly replaced was the very short word “æ,” which meant “law.” Today we use a slightly longer and less ambiguously-spelled Old Norse word: law.
Many English words that begin with sk or sc came from Old Norse, such as “skin,” “sky,” “score,” “scant,” “scrub,” “scathe” and “skill.”
Old Norse words that meant something slightly different
English words, with original Old Norse meaning:
anger —trouble, affliction, which can make a person angry
bait—snack or food eaten at work. Now it means food used to catch fish, wild animals and susceptible people.
bask —similar to the Old Norse word meaning “to bathe”
berserk —either from “bear-shirt” (frenzied warriors wearing a bearskin shirt) or “bare-shirt” (frenzied warriors wearing no shirt)
blunder —to shut one’s eyes; to stumble about blindly
bulk —partition; cargo, as in the nautical term bulkhead
crawl—to claw. Crawling up a steep slope may require clawing.
dirt —excrement. Appropriately so.
gang—any group of men, as in modern Danish, not necessarily dangerous
gawk—to heed, as in paying too much attention
gift—dowry, a kind of wedding gift. In modern Danish, “gift” means “wedding.”
haggle—to chop. It amuses me to imagine how this word came to mean vigorous bargaining.
hap, happy—chance, good luck or fate. Apparently the Vikings didn’t believe that “happiness is a choice.”
lake —to play, which is what many people do at a lake. A famous Danish toy manufacturer is called Lego.
litmus —from the Old Norse words “litr” (dye) and “mosi” (moss), used as a chemical test for acidity and alkalinity.
muck —cow dung. An English dairy farmer may say he needs to muck out, or clean, his barn.
muggy—drizzle, mist. Today it means severely humid.
rive —to scratch, plow or tear. A poet might write about his or her heart being riven in two.
scathe—to hurt, injure. Only the opposite word, unscathed, is common. Gang members never say, “You come near me, I’m gonna scathe you.”
seem—to conform. Think about that for a while.
skill—distinction. If you are skilled, you might earn distinction.
sleuth—trail. The sleuth is always on the trail for clues.
snub —to curse. When you’re snubbed or ignored, you might feel cursed.
sprint —to jump up, one of the keys to winning in a sprint.
stain —to paint. Not the same thing at your paint store.
stammer —to hinder; to dam up, as in a flow of words
steak—to fry. Could the Vikings have introduced chicken fried steak to the American South? No.
thrift—prosperity. If you practice thrift, perhaps prosperity will follow.
thwart —cross, which has kept a similar meaning for sailors
window —“wind-eye” or in Old Norse, “vindauga.” A treasure of a word.
Old English words that meant something different before the Vikings
bread —In Old English, bread meant “bit,” “piece,” or morsel,” but in Old Norse, bread meant … “bread.” We get our word “loaf” from the Old English word for bread, which it replaced.
die —Before the Vikings, “die” meant “starve.”
dream—Before the Vikings, “dream” meant “joy, mirth, noisy merriment” and even “music.”
dwell—Before the Vikings, “dwell” meant both “go astray” and “tarry.” I’m still trying to figure that one out.
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